Agriculture or industry: Rice or garments: Ex-post and ex-ante analysis of Pakistan’s falling competitiveness in its main export items

Dawood MAMOON

Abstract


Abstract. The paper undertakes an evolutionary analysis of Pakistan’s national competitiveness with special reference to exports from 1950-2010. The analysis suggests that post 1980s trade liberalization, some visible improvements can be seen in production efficiencies in Pakistan but they were not translated into improved agriculture or industry competitiveness. The major export items like garments and rice have seen a steady decline in value over the years..

Keywords. Agriculture, Industry, International trade.

JEL. N50, O13, Q10, Q17.

Keywords


Agriculture; Industry; International trade.

Full Text:


References


Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J.A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation, American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401. doi. 10.1257/aer.91.5.1369

Alcala, F., & Ciccone, A. (2002). Trade and productivity, CEPR Discussion Paper, No.3095. [Retrieved from].

Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2004). Trade, Growth, and Poverty, Economic Journal, 114, F22-F49. doi. 10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00186.x

Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2003). Institutions, trade and growth, Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 133-162. doi. 10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00206-4

Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2002). Growth is good for the poor, Journal of Economic Growth, 7(3), 195-225. doi. 10.1023/A:1020139631000

Edwards, S. (1998). Openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know?, Economic Journal, 108(447), 383-398. doi. 10.1111/1468-0297.00293

Frankel, J., & Romer, D. (1999). Does trade cause growth?, American Economic Review, 89(3), 379-399. doi. 10.1257/aer.89.3.379

Greenaway, D., Morgan, W., & Wright, P. (2001). Trade liberalisation and growth in developing countries, Journal of Development Economics, 67(1), 229-234. doi. 10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00185-7

Harrison, A. (1996). Openness and growth: A time-series, cross country analysis for developing countries, Journal of Development Economics, 48(2), 419-447. doi. 10.1016/0304-3878(95)00042-9

Hiscox, M.J., & Kastner, S.L. (2002). A general measure of trade policy orientations: Gravity-model-based estimates for 83 Nations, 1960 to 1992. UCSD Working Paper, [Retrieved from].

Khan, A.H. (1998). The experience of trade liberalization in Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review, 37(4), 661-685.

Leamer, E. (1998). In search of Stolper-Samuelson linkages between international trade and lower wages, in S. Collins (Ed.), Import, Exports, and the American Worker, (pp. 141-202), Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Pritchett, L. (1996). Measuring outward orientation in LDCs: Can it be done?, Journal of Development Economics, 49(2), 307-335. doi. 10.1016/0304-3878(95)00064-X

Rodriguez, F., & Rodrik, D. (2000). Trade policy and economic growth: A Skeptic’s guide to the cross-national evidence, NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, No.7081. doi. 10.3386/w7081

Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A., & Trebbi, F. (2004). Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development, Journal of Economic Growth, 9(2), 131-165. doi. 10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031425.72248.85

Rose, A. (2002). Do WTO members have a more liberal trade policy?, NBER Working Paper No.9347. doi. 10.3386/w9347

Sachs, J.D., & Warner, A. (1995). Economic reform and process of global integration, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1-118. [Retrieved from].

Sen, A. (2002). Globalization and poverty’ public lecture, Santa Clara University, California (29 October).

Srinivasan, T.N., & Jadgish, B. (2001). Outward-orientation and development: Are revisionists right?, in D. Lal & R. Shape (Eds), Trade, Development and Political Economy: Essays in Honour of Anne Krueger, London: Palgrave.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1453/jeb.v4i3.1438

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Journal of Economics Bibliography - J. Econ. Bib.  - JEB - www.kspjournals.org

ISSN: 2149-2387.

Editor: jeb@ksplibrary.org  Secretarial: secretarial@ksplibrary.org  Istanbul - Turkey.

Copyright © KSP Library